Pershing, John Joseph

Pershing, John Joseph Pershing, John Joseph pûr ´shing [key], 1860â€"1948, American army officer and commander in chief of the American Expeditionary Force in World War I, b. Linn co., Mo. After graduating (1886) from West Point he served as a cavalry officer in campaigns against the Native American chief Geronimo (1886) and against the Sioux (1890â€"91). He was (1891â€"95) an instructor in military tactics at the Univ. of Nebraska, where he earned (1893) a law degree. He later taught (1897â€"98) at West Point. After fighting (1898) in the Spanish-American War, Pershing achieved national notice when he served (1899â€"1903) in the Philippines, commanding in the campaign against the hostile Moros (Muslim Filipinos) on Mindanao island. He was (1905) an American military attaché in the Russo-Japanese War and was promoted (1906) from captain to brigadier general. Again serving in the Philippines from 1906 he completely defeated the Moros in 1913. Pershing led the much-publicized but unsuccessful punitive ex pedition (1916â€"17) against Francisco ( Pancho ) Villa in Mexico. After U.S. entry into World War I, Pershing was appointed (1917) to head the American Expeditionary Force in France. His talent for organization was largely responsible for the molding of hastily trained American troops into well-integrated combat units, but his understanding of combat conditions on the Western Front was in the main uninformed. The Allied military leaders had hoped to use U.S. troops as replacements for the heavy French and British losses, but Pershing insisted that the Americans operate as a separate force under his command. His two books Final Report (1919) and My Experiences in the World War (1931) recount his war years. After the war he was promoted (1919) to permanent general of the armies of the United States. He was (1921â€"24) chief of staff before retiring from the army in 1924. He later served (1925) on the plebiscite commission in the Tacna-Arica Controversy . See biographies by H. McCracken (1931), F. Palmer (1948, repr. 1970), R. O'Connor (1961), F. E. Vandiver (2 vol., 1967â€"77), and D. Smythe (1973); G. Smith, Until the Last Trumpet Sounds (1998). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Federalism and the United States Constitution

Federalism is a compound system of government in which a single, central or â€Å"federal† government is combined with regional government units such as states or provinces in a single political confederation. In this context, federalism can be defined as a system of government in which powers are divided among two levels of government of equal status. In the United States, for example, the system of federalism — as created by the U.S. Constitution — divides powers between the national government and the various state and territorial governments. How Federalism Came to the Constitution While Americans take federalism for granted today, its inclusion in the Constitution did not come without considerable controversy. The so-called Great Debate over federalism took the spotlight on May 25, 1787, when 55 delegates representing 12 of the original 13 U.S. states gathered in Philadelphia for the Constitutional Convention. New Jersey was the lone state that chose not to send a delegation. The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War. As the nation’s first written constitution, the Articles of Confederation provided for a decidedly weak federal government with more significant powers granted to the states. Among the most glaring of these weaknesses were: Each state — regardless of its population — got only one vote in Congress.There was only one chamber of Congress rather than a House and Senate.All laws required a 9/13 supermajority vote to pass in Congress.Members of Congress were appointed by the state legislatures rather than elected by the people.Congress had no power to levy taxes or regulate foreign and interstate commerce.There was no executive branch provided to enforce laws passed by Congress.There was no Supreme Court or a  lower national court system.Amendments to the Articles of Confederation required a unanimous vote of the states. The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation had been the caused a seemingly endless series of conflicts between the states, especially in the areas of interstate trade and tariffs. The delegates to the Constitutional Convention hoped the new covenant they were crafting would prevent such disputes. However, the new Constitution finally signed by the Founding Fathers in 1787 needed to be ratified by at least nine of the 13 states in order to take effect. This would prove to be far harder than the document’s supporters had expected. A Great Debate Over Power Erupts As one of the most impactful aspects of the Constitution, the concept of federalism was considered extremely innovative — and controversial — in 1787.   Federalism’s sharing of powers by both the national and state governments was viewed to be in stark contrast to the â€Å"unitary† system of government practiced for centuries in Great Britain. Under such unitary systems, the national government allows local governments very limited powers to govern themselves or their residents. Thus, it is not surprising that Articles of Confederation, coming so soon after the end of Britain’s often tyrannical unitary control of colonial America, would provide for an extremely weak national government. Many newly-independent Americans, including some tasked with drafting the new Constitution, simply did not trust a strong national government — a lack of trust that resulted in a Great Debate. Taking place both during the Constitutional Convention and later during the state ratification process, The Great Debate over federalism pitted the Federalists against the Anti-Federalists. Headed by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, the Federalists favored a strong national government, while the Anti-Federalists, led by Patrick Henry of Virginia, favored a weaker U.S. government leaving more power to the states. Opposed to the new Constitution, the Anti-Federalists argued that the document’s provision of federalism promoted a corrupt government, with the three separate branches constantly battling each other for control. In addition, the Anti-Federalists stirred fear among the people that a strong national government might allow the President of the United States to act as a virtual king. In defending the new Constitution, Federalist leader James Madison wrote in the â€Å"Federalist Papers† that the system of government created by the document would be â€Å"neither wholly national nor wholly federal.† Madison argued that federalism’s system of shared powers would prevent each state from acting as its own sovereign nation with the power to override the laws of the Confederation. Indeed, the Articles of Confederation had unequivocally stated, â€Å"Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.† Federalism Wins the Day On September 17, 1787, the proposed Constitution — including its provision for federalism — was signed by 39 of the 55 delegates to the Constitutional Convention and sent to the states for ratification. Under Article VII, the new Constitution would not become binding until it had been approved by the legislatures of at least nine of the 13 states.    In a purely tactical move, the Federalist supporters of the Constitution began the ratification process in those states where they had encountered little or no opposition, postponing the more difficult states until later. On June 21, 1788, New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the Constitution. Effective March 4, 1789, the United States officially became governed by the provisions of the U.S. Constitution. Rhode Island became the thirteenth and final state to ratify the Constitution on May 29, 1790. The Debate Over the Bill of Rights Along with the Great Debate over federalism, a controversy arose during the ratification process over the Constitution’s perceived failure to protect the basic rights of American citizens. Led by Massachusetts, several states argued that the new Constitution failed to protect the basic individual rights and freedoms that the British Crown had denied the American colonists —   the freedoms of speech, religion, assembly, petition, and the press. In addition, these states also objected to the lack of powers granted to the states. In order to ensure ratification, supporters of the Constitution agreed to create and include the Bill of Rights, which at the time, included twelve rather than 10 amendments. Mainly to appease Anti-Federalists who feared that the U.S. Constitution would give the federal government total control over the states, Federalist leaders agreed to add the Tenth Amendment, which specifies that, â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.†Ã‚   Updated by Robert Longley

Essay on My Definition of Social Studies - 455 Words

My Definition of Social Studies Social studies is the study of world cultures, social and economic issues. It took some time for me to come up with this definition but after years of studying history I feel social studies is not just geography, civics, and history. I do not remember my childhood years of social studies other than studying about white men and the black men they enslaved or the white men who signed the constitution and what great men they were. I always felt the history I learned was one-sided. When I got to junior high school not much had changed. We did begin to learn about a few great black people such as, George Washington Carver, WEB Dubois, and Harriet Tubman. By†¦show more content†¦I am now in college and my professors have opened my eyes to many things, as well as, challenged me to want to learn what was not taught to me long ago. I had Dr. Combs for Urban Geography where I learned about what urban sprawl and contaminated water can do to a community. By learning what causes urban sprawl helped me to understand why family businesses that have been in business for fifty years are now closed. Whenever we discussed our surrounding communities I was always asking questions because I had a genuine interest. I am a forty-year-old black female that grew up in sixties in eastern Arkansas. I do not have many out of school social studies experiences other than the family cultures and traditions I was taught down through the years. One that stands out is Sunday dinners and the stories that my grandmother used to tell about our heritage. The characteristics of an effective social studies teacher would include learning about your students’ socioeconomic background, their interest, and there likes and dislikes. The instruction should not be all lecture, notes, and then test. There should be some hands on opportunities as well as cooperative learning groups. Students could use the computer to communicate with other students in foreign countries to learn of different cultures. Social studies is fun, good, and interesting when it is used toShow MoreRelatedEssay about Research Methodology Report1448 Words   |  6 PagesMethodology Report My themed research project will centre its focus upon the link between Riot Grrrl and its relation to Third-Wave Feminism. Primarily I aim to analyse Riot Grrrl’s music scene, but also its subculture mentioning its DIY punk ethic, political activism and most importantly its influential Zine network. However the purpose of this report is to demonstrate a grounded understanding in three research methodologies and how I will apply each one in regards to my own project. FirstlyRead MoreAnalysis Of Matthew Arnold s Culture And Anarchy785 Words   |  4 Pagessemester. Culture, hegemony and ideology must be part of any study of popular culture. With the evidence pulled from our readings, this essay will define these terms and insert them into the context of understanding popular culture as a whole. Culture: In Matthew Arnold’s â€Å"Culture and Anarchy,† there is little discussion about the word culture. Instead, he describes culture as striving for perfection in a world without it. Without a clear definition, the meaning of the word is open to interpretation andRead More The Feminism Movement Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pagesyourself to be a feminist?† There were many different responses to these questions. I first interviewed my friend, Jordan. He mentioned that he believes feminism is about, â€Å"Power crazy, mannish women who think they are better then men.† He thinks he is a moderate feminist because he believes women should have rights; however he is not an activist of women’s rights (Jacqueline, 2000). When I asked my mother what she thought feminism was she replied, â€Å"Feminism is the promotion of women’s rights.† SheRead MoreChildhood Isolation And Its Effects On Children1290 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"How has being only chi ld effected me†, is my primary question. From this question I hope to learn the different aspects of childhood isolation, like what does it really mean to be isolated, does it have different effects on people, and if so why? By answering these questions, I can discover if I experienced isolation in my childhood and how it might have impacted me physically, mentally, psychologically, and socially. I started my research by entering my question, â€Å"How does being an only child effectRead More What is Culture?1459 Words   |  6 Pagesfacts that a definition is so hard to create. To some, culture results from consumed meanings by a social group (Lewis, 2008). Others view culture as something based on economics and servitude (Marx, as cited by Lewis, 2008). Hebdige ambiguous concept As I attempt to tease out a personal definition of culture based on my own experiences and various readings this semester, I select a few common themes that bare significance in my conceptualization of culture. Beliefs, values, social constructsRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Definition1011 Words   |  5 PagesThis research study is about what the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is, how people define and how I understand this term? According to my research and observations, CSR does not have only one and constant definition. I have read a lot of definitions of CSR and in fact, they are similar but not the same. Briefly, definition and understanding of CSR depends on person to person. Thus, I am going to talk about definitions of the CSR and I will define my own perspective about the CSR. Read MoreWhat I Thought Was The Definition Of Disability Essay1040 Words   |  5 Pagesbeginning of the semester, I wrote what I thought was the definition of disability. Disability is â€Å"a socially constructed idea that being different makes you unable to be useful or valued in society† I wrote. This answer, while not wrong, only scratched the surface of how I define disability now. As a disclaimer, I do not believe I now have a full or encompassing definition of disability, but I do believe I have a better one. To start, the the definition I had written used the term â€Å"socially† constructedRead MoreTeaching Professionals Best Assist The Development Of Pupil s Self1691 Words   |  7 Pagesself- esteem. 2. To reflect on and improve my own practice with a view to creating an atmosphere in the classroom where the children could be enabled to view themselves in a more positive light. 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In order for religiousRead MoreFeminism And Gender And Ethnic Studies1172 Words   |  5 PagesMy Interpretation of Femini sm Feminism has had a deep impact on me since I was infantile. Though she never mentioned it, my mother was an active feminist. I grew up playing with toys considered to belong to either sex. I was taught to be strong and to let my emotions out, and I was given freedom to make my own identity. This was my first experience of social feminism, followed years later by learning the definition of feminism and learning to also see discrimination politically and economically

Encourage Foreigners to Invest in Philippine Real Estate Market Free Essays

Topic: Encourage Foreigners to Invest in Philippine Real Estate Market Real estate business is a very lucrative and capital intensive venture. It is not for just any one, but only for those who have financial capacity and willingness to buy real properties. Real property may come in the form of buy and sell, or merely renting and make money out of it. We will write a custom essay sample on Encourage Foreigners to Invest in Philippine Real Estate Market or any similar topic only for you Order Now Known as one of the most vibrant real estate markets in Asia, the Philippines growing economy consistently sustained its growth despite the global economic recession. The country’s real estate industry has been receiving positive remarks from various analysts across the globe. The reflection of its success, mainly rooted to the country’s excellent financing services, good capitalization and pro-business climate drives every real estate investors to provide the best real estate solutions for needs of the market. The real estate industry has been increasing year on year and this is characterized by the dynamic growth and upsurge of condominium development across Metro Manila. This growth is fuelled by the increasing overseas Filipino workers remittances as well as new investors who take advantage of the benefits of the low interest rates in the housing market. The influx of condominium development across Metro Manila also validates the soaring demand for residential options, which is between renting an apartment and owning a home in the city. Various innovative unit designs and concepts are being offered in the market to suit current trends in housing and lifestyle preferences of today’s market. This increasing realtors’ confidence to Philippine real estate industry is brought by the improving economy, implementation of good governance among private and public sectors, and the reform inspired government of the new administration. Presently, the real estate market is banking on two major components: (1) remittances of overseas Filipino workers and (2) continuous growth demand by the expanding business process outsourcing industry in the country. Aside from having an investment that never depreciate, investing in real estate in the Philippines would give foreigners additional investment portfolio in a much lower cost compared if they invest it in their own land. The cost of living in the Philippines is relatively lower compared to other nations, and therefore, foreigners can have more value for their money, which in turn increases their investment opportunities. That would be considered â€Å"hitting two birds with one stone†. The economic outlook on the Philippine real estate market is seen to be growing, and it will continue to grow in the next five to ten years brought by the ensuing business process outsourcing industry. BPO is becoming one of the primary sources of income of the young working population in the country today. Owning/Investing Options for Foreigners Any foreigner can lease, buy and own with 100% ownership rights on condominium units only. As far as the law is concerned, every piece of land of the Philippines is for the Filipino only. For investment purposes, foreigners may also lease or buy building offices for business purposes, like those being rented out to others. In as much as there are limitations being followed by foreigners when investing the Philippine real estate market, there are also ways on how they can easily own one. (1) Lease a property – foreigners can lease a property from short to long-term as long as both parties to contract mutually agree. Leased properties may be subleased to other tenants. This form of business operation may be considered as legal operation and foreigners can take advantage of. (2) Be married to a Philippine citizen – once a foreigner is married to a Philippine citizen, the rights to own a land becomes a conjugal. It may seem to be the fastest and least cost among other options. (3) Inherit the property from a deceased Philippine spouse – once married, but suddenly the Philippine citizen spouse died. In this situation, the foreigner spouse together with the other surviving heirs; will be the immediate heir and owner of the property left behind. 4) Purchase land as Balikbayan – some Filipinos who have stayed abroad and eventually availed of another citizenship, may still buy and own properties. It is also possible to own property if the parents or relatives wanted to transfer their property ownership to a Balikbayan. (5) Buy condominium units – foreigners can buy condominium units, in the same way as a Philippine citizen acqu ires condominium unit. Some foreigners can also do trading of condominium units. They can do buy and sell business operation, wherein they will buy a barely finished unit, dress it up and fill with furnitures, and sell at a premium or lease it out. 6) Form a corporation – this option opens the opportunity for foreigners to invest in land, but, it is a must, that the corporation be composed of at least 60% Filipino and only 40% for foreigners. The majority stakeholder should still be Filipinos. After enumerating the ways on how foreigners can invest in the Philippine real estate market, it is imperative for them to know the basic information and obligations when investing in real property. First thing is the preparation for tax obligations. Non-resident foreigners who acquire property may be assessed with 5% – 32% of taxes, depending on the nature of the transaction. Another consideration is the documentary requirements necessary for the processing of transferring of ownership to a foreign national. There are documents that need to be authenticated by the Philippine Consulate from their country. Overview of the Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) The efforts of passing the REIT Law will open another medium for foreigners’ opportunity to invest in the Philippine real estate market. REIT is defined as a corporation engaged in business whose income will be generated from owning or managing real estate. Through this REIT, the country will be given a better and bigger opportunity to join the global market of real estate investment markets, and foreigners can take their part in. Since it is not yet passed as law, the regulations, rules and limitations are still unknown. Another positive contributor to success of the real estate sector is the proliferation of establishment of special economic zones across the country. The government provides incentives to companies who patronize economic zones, and this attracts more foreign corporate clients and brings their business process outsourcing facilities here. How to cite Encourage Foreigners to Invest in Philippine Real Estate Market, Papers

Elsa Essay Research Paper Gabrielle Roy the free essay sample

Elsa Essay, Research Paper Gabrielle Roy, the writer of Windflower, shows us through her chief character, Elsa Kumachuck, that isolation can hold unfortunate effects on an person and the people around them. We, as readers, are in the beginning given the feeling that Elsa is a fit female parent who is responsible and knows how to raise her child decently. Subsequently on though, we realize that it # 8217 ; s the influence of other people in her life and the experience of isolation subsequently on that lead her to do the determinations that she does. Elsa Kumachuck was at one clip merely a unworried adolescent, traveling to the theatre to watch films, express joying with her friends, and discoursing sex. Her whole life alterations in one dark though, when Elsa is raped by a GI soldier, and as a consequence, gets pregnant. Elsa experiences a really dramatic alteration in herself, both physically and emotionally, and seems to lose all involvement in the things that she used to bask. We will write a custom essay sample on Elsa Essay Research Paper Gabrielle Roy the or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When her babe, Jimmy, is born nevertheless, she appears to be herself once more. She snaps out of her depression as she observes the small male child she has given birth to. The alone small male child with blond hair and bluish eyes takes her breath off. It seemed that in giving life to her kid she had restored her ain life to herself. Although Jimmy is a joy and a approval to Elsa, he besides creates a struggle for her. She does non cognize whether she should raise him as an Eskimo like herself, or white like the male parent. Elsa takes adv ice from a lady she one time worked for, named Madame Beaulieu, the lone white adult female she knew. Elsa is shortly dressing Jimmy as the white bash, and is maintaining her hut clean and tidy. The people from the Eskimo society are in awe at the beautiful babe with blond, curly hair, and the ways in which Elsa is raising him. They ever want to borrow Jimmy and they even start to bathe their kids as Elsa does, at the same clip every twenty-four hours. Elsa is proud to be the female parent of the babe whom everybody seems to desire, and she tries to do determinations that are in the best involvement of her kid. These determinations nevertheless, anger her female parent, Winnie. Winnie believes that Jimmy should be raised harmonizing to the ways of the Intuit merely. So when Elsa decided to travel back to work for Madame Beaulieu to back up her kid, Winnie breaks all of the wonts that Elsa has set for Jimmy. Winnie felt it was incorrect to disipline a kid or curtail him from making ce rtain things. Soon Jimmy gets excessively attached to his grandma and Elsa decides to take him and go forth her small town and travel to Old Fort Chimo. When they arrive at their finish, Elsa and Jimmy settle in and do a fantastic place for themselves. They neer hear from anyone back place for anumber of old ages until Jimmy # 8217 ; s father contacts them and moves in with them. He is was a dork before but both Elsa and Jimmy decide to give him a opportunity. The two get married and have another kid, a miss. And everyone lives merrily for the remainder of their clip.

Nationalism Essay Example

Nationalism Essay Nationalism throughout History and the Modern Age With research and resources you will learn about Nationalism throughout History and the Modern Age. Nationalism because it is a political idea that involves a tough recognition of a set of individuals by way of a political being defined in nationalized conditions, for example a nation. And Modernity, because it is a take action of why and how thing develop and progress all the way through history. Because of these changes occurring allows us to exist in a modern society. Modernity is relating to the history or traits of a period extending from a relevant remote past to the present time â€Å"Since the term Modern is used to describe a wide range of periods, any definition of modernity must account for the context in question. Modern can mean all of post-medieval European history, in the context of dividing history into three large epochs: Antiquity, Medieval, and Modern. Likewise, it is often used to describe the Euro-American culture that arises out of the Enlightenment and continues in some way into the present. The term Modern is also applied to the period beginning somewhere between 1870 and 1910, through the present, and even more specifically to the 1910-1960 periods†. Nationalism is what most groups of citizen’s feel for their countries a sense of devotion, loyalty. To the citizens their country is the best it is a sense of pride â€Å"What does the term nation mean? In what ways is it distinct, if at all, from closely related terms like state, people, and ethnic group† (418-423). Nationalism throughout History and the Modern Age We will write a custom essay sample on Nationalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nationalism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nationalism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nationalism is uniquely modern in that throughout history to the present cultures, technology, are always being studied and compared to the present â€Å"In recent years, the study of nationalism has attracted growing attention from scholars in a range of disciplines-sociology, anthropology, history, politics, even literature and philosophy† . Nationalism is studied throughout the course by studying Western civilizations or cultures from the early modern age to the Late Modern Age. All through history there have been examples of nationalism the largest example being Wars in Germany such as World War II, when the Germans felt they were better then Jewish people. The Massacre of St. Bartholomew’s Day â€Å"So it was determined to exterminate all the Protestants, and the plan was approved by the queen. They discussed for some time whether they should make an exception of the king of Navarre and the prince of Conde. All agreed that the king of Navarre should be spared by reason of the royal dignity and the new alliance. The duke of Guise, who was put in full command of the enterprise, summoned by night several captains of the Catholic Swiss mercenaries from the five little cantons, and some commanders of French companies, and told them that it was the will of the king that, according to Gods will, they should take vengeance on the band of rebels while they had the beasts in the toils. Victory was easy and the booty great and to be obtained without danger. Nationalism throughout History and the Modern Age The signal to commence the massacre should be given by the bell of the palace, and the marks by which they should recognize each other in the darkness were a bit of white linen tied around the left arm and a white cross on the hat† . The beginning of Nationalism took place during the early ages before we had states, and most countries were still developing, groups of religions (Catholic, Christian etc) are what people were loyal to and before technology became as advanced as it is now. One of the first examples of Nationalism is when Christopher Columbus discovered America; he brought disease and slavery to the Native Americans causing them to lose their home and subjected to cruelty treatment â€Å"It appears to me, that the people are ingenious, and would be good servants and I am of opinion that they would very readily become Christians, as they appear to have no religion. They very quickly learn such words as are spoken to them. If it pleases our Lord, I intend at my return to carry home six of them to your Highnesses, that they may learn our language†. Before the Modern age, nationalism studied the early religions, the forming of states and countries, changes in technologies â€Å"Studying the nineteenth century around the conflict between the culture of the westernizing, cosmopolitan elite and the traditions of the people, rooted more deeply in their regions† . Nationalism throughout History and the Modern Age As countries and states have grown stronger with government and developing their laws and beliefs; Nationalism has also transformed having been loyalty to religions it is stronger through the people and their loyalty for their countries, laws, religions in the Modern Age. During the Revolutionary War, if one was found to side with the rebels, they were tortured, jailed, banned from their groups† Shadrack Furman, a free black Virginian who worked for the British as a provisionary and guide, was captured by patriot troops, given 500 lashes, and then blinded and rendered mentally deranged by an axe blow to the head† . When a country within a country declares independence from the bigger country they are found disloyal to their mother country causing a war or a ethnic cleansing Bosnia, Serbia, Yugoslavia â€Å"They attacked Bosniak-dominated town in eastern Bosnia, including Zvornik, Foca, and Visegrad, forcibly expelling Bosniak civilians from the region in a brutal process that later was identified as ethnic cleansing. (Ethnic cleansing differs from genocide in that its primary goal is the expulsion of a group of people from a geographical area and not the actual physical destruction of that group, even though the same methodsincluding murder, rape, torture and forcible displacementmay be used. )† . Nationalism throughout History and the Modern Age Wars, attacks, Ethnic cleansing are examples of nationalism of citizens fighting for their countries, religions etc. A group that has a strong sense of loyalty is Al-Qaeda. Their members attack others in their own country, other countries by suicide bombings â€Å"12 October, 2000, Attack on US warship in Yemen kills 17 sailors. Two suicide attackers ram a boat carrying explosives into the USS Cole in Aden port killing 17 American sailors. In 2004 six suspected Al-Qaeda militants are charged in connection with the attack by a Yemeni court. † . With the evolution of nationalism during the modern age there have been many changes in the civilizations of the world. A few of those changes are the people within the civilizations (women’s rights), the advancement of technology, and the worsening of wars. â€Å"For the vast majority of women in early modern Europe, the most important change in their lives was marriage. The choice of a spouse, whether made by themselves or their parents or a larger kin group, determined their social and economic status and place of residence. Divorce was illegal, living separately from an abusive spouse was illegal without court approval, and only way out of marriage was death of a spouse. No thought as to a women’s intellect† . Nationalism throughout History and the Modern Age In the late modern age women are free to choose whom they marry, divorce is legal although few religions still frown upon it, and most women have gone to college or know a trade. As nationalism has evolved the technology has also evolved in advancement of warfare through the modern age â€Å"Despite their ostensible enthusiasm for violent revolution, Engels and many socialists actually came to fear the growing destructive power of modern war and the threat it posed to Western Civilization †. An important reason why nationalism is important in the modern age is the studying of early modern age we can learn what civilizations did and how they ran, and in the modern age we can learn from them and build upon what we learn. Nationalism has been witnessed throughout history. Through the decades with the changes of people, religions, technology, the acts of Nationalism have changed as well. As you have read the following sources were used to determine these facts because, was an example of how later technology and the loyalty of the people of the group have changed in the later Modern age. Burke, P. (1978) this was an example of the Modern age and how it affects the civilizations. was used to describe some of the cruelty of choosing the rebel side during the Revolutionary war and what would happen if you weren’t loyal to the country. Nationalism throughout History and the Modern Age this journal extracts were an example of the early Modern age nationalism with the Native Americans taken for slavery and forced to accept Christianity over their religion if they had one. Delanty, G. K. (2006). SAGE Handbook of Nations and Nationalism . London: SAGE Publications. This quote was used as an example of how unique nationalism is to the modern age. This was an example of the Modern age and how it affects the civilizations. Gay, C. M. (1998). The Way of the (Modern) World: Or, Why Its Tempting to Live As If God Doesnt Exist. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. This quote was used to define the meaning of modernity and provide an example. rovide the example of an ethnic cleansing of the Protestants whom were not good for the enough for the country or the citizens, an early example of nationalism before the Modern Age. This article was used to define what Nationalism is with some examples shown through history. And because, in this article, there is an example of Modern Age nationalism when Bosnia is declaring independence from Yugoslavia, causing an ethnic cleansing, rape all examples of what happens when there is not a sense of loyalty to a certain group. Weisner, E. M . 2000 second edition). Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This quote was used in describing what life was like living in Europe during early modern age for women. Nationalism throughout History and the Modern Age With the provided research and resources we have learn about Nationalism throughout History and the Modern Age. Again because Nationalism is a political idea that involves a tough recognition of a set of individuals by way of a political being defined in nationalized conditions, for example a nation. And Modernity, because it is a take action of why and how thing develop and progress all the way through history. Because of these changes occurring allows us to exist in a modern society. References BBCNews/SpecialNews/Timeline: Al-Qaeda. (n. d. ). From British Broadcasting Corporation: http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/3618762. stm Colley, L. (2011 18-February). The Guardian. Libertys Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World by Maya Jasanoff – review . Columbus, C. M. (1996). Journal Extracts. Medieval Sourcebook Christopher Columbus . Getz, T. R. Brooke, J. E. (2012). World history: The human experience from 1500. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. J. H. Robinson, e. (1906). The Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day. In H. C. Brian Cheek, Readings in European History 2 vols. Hanover Historical Texts Project (pp. 179-183). Boston: (Boston: Ginn). Tamir, Y. (1995 April). The Engima of Nationalism. World Politics , pp. 418-423. Topics. (2012). From History. com: http://www. history. com/topics/bosnian-genocide Nationalism Essay Example Nationalism Essay Nationalism throughout History and the Modern Age With research and resources you will learn about Nationalism throughout History and the Modern Age. Nationalism because it is a political idea that involves a tough recognition of a set of individuals by way of a political being defined in nationalized conditions, for example a nation. And Modernity, because it is a take action of why and how thing develop and progress all the way through history. Because of these changes occurring allows us to exist in a modern society. Modernity is relating to the history or traits of a period extending from a relevant remote past to the present time â€Å"Since the term Modern is used to describe a wide range of periods, any definition of modernity must account for the context in question. Modern can mean all of post-medieval European history, in the context of dividing history into three large epochs: Antiquity, Medieval, and Modern. Likewise, it is often used to describe the Euro-American culture that arises out of the Enlightenment and continues in some way into the present. The term Modern is also applied to the period beginning somewhere between 1870 and 1910, through the present, and even more specifically to the 1910-1960 periods†. Nationalism is what most groups of citizen’s feel for their countries a sense of devotion, loyalty. To the citizens their country is the best it is a sense of pride â€Å"What does the term nation mean? In what ways is it distinct, if at all, from closely related terms like state, people, and ethnic group† (418-423). Nationalism throughout History and the Modern Age We will write a custom essay sample on Nationalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nationalism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nationalism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nationalism is uniquely modern in that throughout history to the present cultures, technology, are always being studied and compared to the present â€Å"In recent years, the study of nationalism has attracted growing attention from scholars in a range of disciplines-sociology, anthropology, history, politics, even literature and philosophy† . Nationalism is studied throughout the course by studying Western civilizations or cultures from the early modern age to the Late Modern Age. All through history there have been examples of nationalism the largest example being Wars in Germany such as World War II, when the Germans felt they were better then Jewish people. The Massacre of St. Bartholomew’s Day â€Å"So it was determined to exterminate all the Protestants, and the plan was approved by the queen. They discussed for some time whether they should make an exception of the king of Navarre and the prince of Conde. All agreed that the king of Navarre should be spared by reason of the royal dignity and the new alliance. The duke of Guise, who was put in full command of the enterprise, summoned by night several captains of the Catholic Swiss mercenaries from the five little cantons, and some commanders of French companies, and told them that it was the will of the king that, according to Gods will, they should take vengeance on the band of rebels while they had the beasts in the toils. Victory was easy and the booty great and to be obtained without danger. Nationalism throughout History and the Modern Age The signal to commence the massacre should be given by the bell of the palace, and the marks by which they should recognize each other in the darkness were a bit of white linen tied around the left arm and a white cross on the hat† . The beginning of Nationalism took place during the early ages before we had states, and most countries were still developing, groups of religions (Catholic, Christian etc) are what people were loyal to and before technology became as advanced as it is now. One of the first examples of Nationalism is when Christopher Columbus discovered America; he brought disease and slavery to the Native Americans causing them to lose their home and subjected to cruelty treatment â€Å"It appears to me, that the people are ingenious, and would be good servants and I am of opinion that they would very readily become Christians, as they appear to have no religion. They very quickly learn such words as are spoken to them. If it pleases our Lord, I intend at my return to carry home six of them to your Highnesses, that they may learn our language†. Before the Modern age, nationalism studied the early religions, the forming of states and countries, changes in technologies â€Å"Studying the nineteenth century around the conflict between the culture of the westernizing, cosmopolitan elite and the traditions of the people, rooted more deeply in their regions† . Nationalism throughout History and the Modern Age As countries and states have grown stronger with government and developing their laws and beliefs; Nationalism has also transformed having been loyalty to religions it is stronger through the people and their loyalty for their countries, laws, religions in the Modern Age. During the Revolutionary War, if one was found to side with the rebels, they were tortured, jailed, banned from their groups† Shadrack Furman, a free black Virginian who worked for the British as a provisionary and guide, was captured by patriot troops, given 500 lashes, and then blinded and rendered mentally deranged by an axe blow to the head† . When a country within a country declares independence from the bigger country they are found disloyal to their mother country causing a war or a ethnic cleansing Bosnia, Serbia, Yugoslavia â€Å"They attacked Bosniak-dominated town in eastern Bosnia, including Zvornik, Foca, and Visegrad, forcibly expelling Bosniak civilians from the region in a brutal process that later was identified as ethnic cleansing. (Ethnic cleansing differs from genocide in that its primary goal is the expulsion of a group of people from a geographical area and not the actual physical destruction of that group, even though the same methodsincluding murder, rape, torture and forcible displacementmay be used. )† . Nationalism throughout History and the Modern Age Wars, attacks, Ethnic cleansing are examples of nationalism of citizens fighting for their countries, religions etc. A group that has a strong sense of loyalty is Al-Qaeda. Their members attack others in their own country, other countries by suicide bombings â€Å"12 October, 2000, Attack on US warship in Yemen kills 17 sailors. Two suicide attackers ram a boat carrying explosives into the USS Cole in Aden port killing 17 American sailors. In 2004 six suspected Al-Qaeda militants are charged in connection with the attack by a Yemeni court. † . With the evolution of nationalism during the modern age there have been many changes in the civilizations of the world. A few of those changes are the people within the civilizations (women’s rights), the advancement of technology, and the worsening of wars. â€Å"For the vast majority of women in early modern Europe, the most important change in their lives was marriage. The choice of a spouse, whether made by themselves or their parents or a larger kin group, determined their social and economic status and place of residence. Divorce was illegal, living separately from an abusive spouse was illegal without court approval, and only way out of marriage was death of a spouse. No thought as to a women’s intellect† . Nationalism throughout History and the Modern Age In the late modern age women are free to choose whom they marry, divorce is legal although few religions still frown upon it, and most women have gone to college or know a trade. As nationalism has evolved the technology has also evolved in advancement of warfare through the modern age â€Å"Despite their ostensible enthusiasm for violent revolution, Engels and many socialists actually came to fear the growing destructive power of modern war and the threat it posed to Western Civilization †. An important reason why nationalism is important in the modern age is the studying of early modern age we can learn what civilizations did and how they ran, and in the modern age we can learn from them and build upon what we learn. Nationalism has been witnessed throughout history. Through the decades with the changes of people, religions, technology, the acts of Nationalism have changed as well. As you have read the following sources were used to determine these facts because, was an example of how later technology and the loyalty of the people of the group have changed in the later Modern age. Burke, P. (1978) this was an example of the Modern age and how it affects the civilizations. was used to describe some of the cruelty of choosing the rebel side during the Revolutionary war and what would happen if you weren’t loyal to the country. Nationalism throughout History and the Modern Age this journal extracts were an example of the early Modern age nationalism with the Native Americans taken for slavery and forced to accept Christianity over their religion if they had one. Delanty, G. K. (2006). SAGE Handbook of Nations and Nationalism . London: SAGE Publications. This quote was used as an example of how unique nationalism is to the modern age. This was an example of the Modern age and how it affects the civilizations. Gay, C. M. (1998). The Way of the (Modern) World: Or, Why Its Tempting to Live As If God Doesnt Exist. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. This quote was used to define the meaning of modernity and provide an example. rovide the example of an ethnic cleansing of the Protestants whom were not good for the enough for the country or the citizens, an early example of nationalism before the Modern Age. This article was used to define what Nationalism is with some examples shown through history. And because, in this article, there is an example of Modern Age nationalism when Bosnia is declaring independence from Yugoslavia, causing an ethnic cleansing, rape all examples of what happens when there is not a sense of loyalty to a certain group. Weisner, E. M . 2000 second edition). Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This quote was used in describing what life was like living in Europe during early modern age for women. Nationalism throughout History and the Modern Age With the provided research and resources we have learn about Nationalism throughout History and the Modern Age. Again because Nationalism is a political idea that involves a tough recognition of a set of individuals by way of a political being defined in nationalized conditions, for example a nation. And Modernity, because it is a take action of why and how thing develop and progress all the way through history. Because of these changes occurring allows us to exist in a modern society. References BBCNews/SpecialNews/Timeline: Al-Qaeda. (n. d. ). From British Broadcasting Corporation: http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/3618762. stm Colley, L. (2011 18-February). The Guardian. Libertys Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World by Maya Jasanoff – review . Columbus, C. M. (1996). Journal Extracts. Medieval Sourcebook Christopher Columbus . Getz, T. R. Brooke, J. E. (2012). World history: The human experience from 1500. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. J. H. Robinson, e. (1906). The Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day. In H. C. Brian Cheek, Readings in European History 2 vols. Hanover Historical Texts Project (pp. 179-183). Boston: (Boston: Ginn). Tamir, Y. (1995 April). The Engima of Nationalism. World Politics , pp. 418-423. Topics. (2012). From History. com: http://www. history. com/topics/bosnian-genocide

About the Earths Geographic and Magnetic South Pole

About the Earths Geographic and Magnetic South Pole The South Pole is the southernmost point on the Earths surface. It is at 90ËšS latitude and it is on the opposite side of the Earth from the North Pole. The South Pole is located in Antarctica and it is at the site of the United States Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, a research station that was established in 1956. Geography of the South Pole The Geographic South Pole is defined as the southern point on Earths surface that crosses the Earths axis of rotation. This is the South Pole that is located at the site of the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. It moves about 33 feet (ten meters) because it is located on a moving ice sheet. The South Pole is on an ice plateau about 800 miles (1,300 km) from McMurdo Sound. The ice at this location is about 9,301 feet (2,835 m) thick. As a result ices movement, the location of the Geographic South Pole, also called the Geodetic South Pole, must be recalculated yearly on January 1. Usually, the coordinates of this location are just expressed in terms of latitude (90ËšS) because it essentially has no longitude as it is located where the meridians of longitude converge. Although, if longitude is given it is said to be 0ËšW. In addition, all points moving away from the South Pole face north and must have a latitude below 90Ëš as they move north toward the Earths equator. These points are still given in degrees south however because they are in the Southern Hemisphere. Because the South Pole has no longitude, it is difficult to tell time there. In addition, time cannot be estimated by using the suns position in the sky either because it rises and sets only once a year at the South Pole (due to its extreme southern location and the Earths axial tilt). Thus, for convenience, time is kept in New Zealand time at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. Magnetic and Geomagnetic South Pole Like the North Pole, the South Pole also has magnetic and geomagnetic poles which differ from the 90ËšS Geographic South Pole. According to the Australian Antarctic Division, the Magnetic South pole is the location on the Earths surface where the direction of the Earths magnetic field is vertically upwards. This forms a magnetic dip that is 90Ëš at the Magnetic South Pole. This location moves about 3 miles (5 km) per year and in 2007 it was located at 64.497ËšS and 137.684ËšE. The Geomagnetic South Pole is defined by the Australian Antarctic Division as the point of intersection between the Earths surface and the axis of a magnetic dipole that approximates the Earths center and the beginning of the Earths magnetic field. The Geomagnetic South Pole is estimated to be located at 79.74ËšS and 108.22ËšE. This location is near the Vostok Station, a Russian research outpost. Exploration of the South Pole Although exploration of Antarctica began in the mid-1800s, attempted exploration of the South Pole did not occur until 1901. In that year, Robert Falcon Scott attempted the first expedition from Antarcticas coastline to the South Pole. His Discovery Expedition lasted from 1901 to 1904 and on December 31, 1902, he reached 82.26ËšS but he did not travel any farther south. Shortly thereafter, Ernest Shackleton, who had been on Scotts Discovery Expedition, launched another attempt to reach the South Pole. This expedition was called the Nimrod Expedition and on January 9, 1909, he came within 112 miles (180 km) from the South Pole before he had to turn back. Finally in 1911 however, Roald Amundsen became the first person to reach the Geographic South Pole on December 14. Upon reaching the pole, Amundsen established a camp named Polhiem and named the plateau that the South Pole is on, King Haakon VII Vidde. 34 days later on January 17, 1912, Scott, who was attempting to race Amundsen, also reached the South Pole, but on his return home Scott and his entire expedition died due to cold and starvation. Following Amundsen and Scotts reaching the South Pole, people did not return there until October 1956. In that year, U.S. Navy Admiral George Dufek landed there and shortly thereafter, the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station was established from 1956-1957. People did not reach the South Pole by land though until 1958 when Edmund Hillary and Vivian Fuchs launched the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition. Since the 1950s, most of the people on or near the South Pole have been researchers and scientific expeditions. Since the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station was established in 1956, researchers have continually staffed it and recently it has been upgraded and expanded to allow more people to work there throughout the year. To learn more about the South Pole and to view webcams, visit the ESRL Global Monitorings South Pole Observatory website. References Australian Antarctic Division. (21 August 2010). Poles and Directions: Australian Antarctic Division. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (n.d.). ESRL Global Monitoring Division - South Pole Observatory. Wikipedia.org. (18 October 2010). South Pole - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.